This thesis starts from the premise that space is never neutral: it is a medium through which power is exercised and communal life is enabled or deliberately constrained. In Lod, state-led, top-down planning has not only produced a fragmented Arab urban fabric but has also sustained an institutional absence of meaningful Arab civic, cultural, and political representation. I conceptualize this condition through interfriction: the border-zones describes a spatial condition produced at the interface between different social, ethnic, or political groups  which generate tension, control, and separation.
In Lod ,under unequal power relations, these contact points convert proximity into separation, functioning as a barrier for one community while enabling comfort, access, and continuity for another. This thesis locates interfriction in Arab neighbourhoods in Lod, and reads these interfaces as sites of intervention. The project translates them into power points—cultural/civic/political spaces that act as spaces of appearance, making Arab collective presence visible in the mixed-city landscape.